Bile duct stones are gallstones that migrate from the gallbladder and become stuck in the bile duct, blocking the flow of bile and potentially causing pain, jaundice, and infection.

Bile duct strictures are narrowed areas within the bile ducts (tubes carrying bile from the liver to the intestine), hindering bile flow and potentially causing jaundice, pain, and infections.

Bleeding from peptic ulcers occurs when the ulcer erodes into blood vessels in the stomach or small intestine, causing blood loss that can range from slow and chronic to rapid and severe.

Chronic gastrointestinal bleeding of unknown cause refers to persistent or recurring bleeding within the digestive system where the source can't be identified through

Endoscopy is primarily used for early-stage colon cancer removal, where a specialized endoscope with tools is inserted to excise small polyps or cancerous growths, potentially avoiding the need for more invasive surgery.

For esophageal varices treatment, endoscopy is used to place small elastic bands around the enlarged veins, cutting off blood flow and preventing bleeding (this is called endoscopic band ligation).

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) treatment often involves regular endoscopic surveillance to detect and remove precancerous polyps in the colon and rectum, preventing their progression into colorectal cancer.

Endoscopic treatments for GERD include procedures like Stretta, which uses radiofrequency energy to tighten the lower esophageal sphincter, or transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) which reconstructs the valve between the esophagus and stomach to reduce reflux.

Endoscopic treatments for obesity include procedures like placing space-occupying balloons in the stomach to reduce food intake or suturing the stomach to restrict its size, thereby promoting weight loss.

Endoscopic treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts involves inserting a flexible tube (endoscope) through the mouth to drain the fluid collection and potentially place a stent to keep the drainage path open.

Endoscopic treatments for Barrett's esophagus aim to remove precancerous tissue using techniques like radiofrequency ablation (heat) or cryotherapy (freezing) to destroy the abnormal cells.

A polypectomy procedure involves using an endoscope (a flexible tube with a camera) to locate and remove polyps, which are abnormal growths, from inside the colon or other organs.